🧩 Pediatric Neurology · Apollomedics Lucknow

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Children

Diagnosis, assessment and early intervention — Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

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ऑटिज्म (Autism) — बच्चों में

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Overview

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Children?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by differences in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities. ASD is a spectrum — it presents very differently in different children, from non-speaking individuals requiring substantial support to highly verbal children with subtle social difficulties. ASD is not caused by vaccines, parenting style, or diet. It is a complex condition with strong genetic underpinnings. Early identification — ideally before age 3 — combined with evidence-based therapy gives the best outcomes.

Signs & Symptoms

Signs Parents Should Know

Limited eye contact
Reduced or inconsistent eye contact, especially during social interaction — one of the earliest and most consistent signs, often noticed in infancy.
Delayed or absent speech
Not babbling by 12 months, not using single words by 16 months, not using 2-word phrases by 24 months — or loss of previously acquired speech.
Not responding to name
A child who does not reliably turn to their name by 12 months warrants evaluation, particularly if hearing is normal.
Limited social interest
Reduced interest in other children, not pointing to share interest, not showing objects to parents, preferring to play alone.
Repetitive behaviours
Hand-flapping, spinning, rocking, lining up toys, insistence on sameness, narrow intense interests.
Sensory sensitivities
Unusual responses to sounds, textures, lights, tastes or pain — either hypersensitivity (covering ears, avoiding touch) or hyposensitivity (seeking intense sensory input).
When to Seek Help

When to See Dr. Nishant Gopaal

→No babbling or gesturing (pointing, waving) by 12 months
→No single words by 16 months
→No 2-word spontaneous phrases by 24 months
→Loss of any language or social skills at any age
→Persistent poor eye contact or social disengagement
→Unusual repetitive behaviours or rigid routines causing distress
→Parent/teacher concern about social development
⚠️ Emergency: If your child has a seizure lasting more than 5 minutes, sudden paralysis, or sudden loss of consciousness — call emergency services immediately or go to the nearest A&E.
At Apollomedics Lucknow

How We Diagnose

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ADOS-2 Assessment
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) — the gold standard structured observational assessment for ASD. Conducted at the Child Development Centre, Apollomedics.
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Developmental History
Detailed developmental history using ADI-R (Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised) framework — essential for accurate diagnosis across the spectrum.
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Neurological Examination
Full paediatric neurological examination including assessment for associated conditions: epilepsy (present in 25–30% of children with ASD), intellectual disability, and genetic syndromes.
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EEG
Indicated when there are clinical concerns about seizures, which co-occur frequently with ASD.
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Genetic Testing
Chromosomal microarray and/or gene panel testing — identifies a genetic cause in 15–20% of ASD cases, with important implications for recurrence risk and management.
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Multidisciplinary Assessment
Integrated assessment with speech therapy, occupational therapy and neuropsychology at the Child Development Centre.
Management

Treatment Approach

ASD does not have a single 'cure' — but evidence-based early intervention substantially improves outcomes. The core of management is intensive, structured therapy: Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA), speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and parent-mediated early intervention (PECS, Hanen, DIR/Floortime). Medication has a limited role and is used only for specific co-occurring symptoms such as hyperactivity, aggression, or anxiety. The Child Development Centre at Apollomedics coordinates all therapies under one roof, with Dr. Gopaal providing neurological oversight, co-occurring condition management, and medication review.

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Common Questions

Frequently Asked Questions

At what age can autism be diagnosed?

ASD can be reliably diagnosed from 18–24 months by experienced clinicians. Earlier identification (red flags at 12 months) allows intervention to begin before formal diagnosis. There is no upper age limit — ASD is increasingly recognised in older children, adolescents, and adults who were missed earlier.

Are vaccines linked to autism?

No. This claim originates from a single fraudulent 1998 study that was retracted and whose author lost his medical licence. Decades of research involving millions of children across dozens of countries have found no link between vaccines and autism. Vaccinating your child protects them from serious disease.

Will my child speak?

With appropriate and early intervention, the majority of children with ASD develop meaningful communication — either verbal speech or augmentative communication (AAC). The earlier intensive speech therapy begins, the better the outcome. Non-verbal children can make remarkable progress with the right support.

Is autism lifelong?

ASD is a lifelong condition, but its impact changes substantially with age, intervention, and support. Many individuals with ASD lead independent, fulfilling and productive lives. The goal of management is to maximise each child's potential and quality of life — not to 'cure' autism.

Is the Child Development Centre at Apollomedics right for my child?

The CDC offers comprehensive one-stop assessment and therapy for children with ASD. Dr. Gopaal coordinates neurological evaluation, epilepsy screening, genetic investigations and medication management, while the multidisciplinary team provides the full range of therapeutic interventions.

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Medically authored & reviewed by Dr. Nishant Gopaal Consultant Pediatric Neurologist & Head of Child Development Centre · Apollomedics Super Speciality Hospital, Lucknow
MD Pediatrics · Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Pediatric Neurology (FIPN) · Pediatric Epilepsy Training (BPNA, UK) · ORCID: 0000-0002-8408-535X
Last reviewed: 2026-09-27 · Based on international guidelines (ILAE, AAP, AAN, NICE, WHO)
References:
  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5-TR. 2022.
  2. Lord C et al. Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2020.
  3. NICE Guideline NG142: Autism spectrum disorder in under 19s: recognition, referral and diagnosis. 2017.
  4. Zwaigenbaum L et al. Early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2015.
  5. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Consensus Statement on Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2017.
Related Conditions & Services
📍 ADHD 📍 Developmental Delay 📍 Pediatric Epilepsy 📍 Autism Assessment 📍 Child Development Centre
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